{"id":8201,"date":"2022-12-05T08:54:08","date_gmt":"2022-12-05T07:54:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/?p=8201"},"modified":"2022-12-05T08:56:40","modified_gmt":"2022-12-05T07:56:40","slug":"de-plus-en-plus-de-sols-artificialises","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2022\/12\/05\/de-plus-en-plus-de-sols-artificialises\/","title":{"rendered":"De plus en plus de sols artificialis\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On a vu dans des articles pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents<\/a> quelques actions<\/a> concernant les arbres pour limiter ou \u00e9viter les \u00eelots de chaleur. Une autre mani\u00e8re d\u2019aborder la question est de regarder ce qui caract\u00e9rise les sites urbains\u00a0: l\u2019artificialisation et l\u2019imperm\u00e9abilisation des sols. Le r\u00f4le de la maison individuelle y est majeur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Artificialisation et imperm\u00e9abilisation des sols<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Notre pays prend progressivement conscience de l’augmentation continue de l\u2019emprise au sol des zones artificialis\u00e9es. D\u2019o\u00f9 un rapport<\/a> de France Strat\u00e9gie sur le sujet paru en 2019, rapport dont l\u2019intitul\u00e9 annonce clairement la couleur. Objectif \u00ab z\u00e9ro artificialisation nette \u00bb : quels leviers pour prot\u00e9ger les sols ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le rapport commence par retenir une d\u00e9finition de son objet. Sont d\u00e9finis conventionnellement comme artificialis\u00e9s les sols qui ne sont pas des espaces naturels, agricoles ou forestiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une estimation des surfaces concern\u00e9es est alors possible : \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle m\u00e9tropolitaine, 5,1 millions d\u2019hectares \u00e9taient artificialis\u00e9s en 2014, soit 9,2 % de la surface du territoire. Parmi ces surfaces artificialis\u00e9es, 1 million d\u2019hectares correspondaient \u00e0 des sols b\u00e2tis (soit 20 % du total artificialis\u00e9), 2,5 millions \u00e0 des sols rev\u00eatus ou stabilis\u00e9s (49 %) et 1,7 million \u00e0 des sols artificialis\u00e9s non imperm\u00e9abilis\u00e9s (31 %).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En termes d\u2019utilisation, l\u2019habitat (volumes construits et sols artificialis\u00e9s associ\u00e9s) repr\u00e9sente environ 42 % des surfaces artificialis\u00e9es estim\u00e9es, devant les infrastructures de transport (28 %), le foncier de services (16 %), qui inclut notamment les surfaces commerciales et \u00e9conomiques (14 %).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019espace artificialis\u00e9 autour d\u2019un b\u00e2ti habit\u00e9 (voie d\u2018acc\u00e8s \u00e0 pied ou en voiture, parking, terrasse\u2026) prend donc plus de place que le b\u00e2ti lui-m\u00eame : un axe de r\u00e9flexion certainement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une pelouse compte dans la cat\u00e9gorie \u00ab sols artificialis\u00e9s non imperm\u00e9abilis\u00e9s \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le rapport explique que la r\u00e9partition de ces sols artificiels est tr\u00e8s h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne sur le territoire, comme le montre la carte ci-contre. On y voit surtout l\u2019influence des grandes m\u00e9tropoles tr\u00e8s denses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le rapport montre que l\u2019artificialisation continue, de mani\u00e8re plus ou moins rapide selon les zones (carte ci-dessous). On note en particulier l\u2019\u00e9volution rapide des zones littorales et de la grande couronne de Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Densifier ou pas ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les auteurs concluent que la meilleure voie pour r\u00e9duire le rythme d\u2019artificialisation en cours consiste \u00e0 densifier le b\u00e2ti. Ils examinent ensuite les meilleurs moyens d\u2019y arriver (la m\u00e9thode la plus \u00ab simple \u00bb consistant \u00e0 ajouter un \u00e9tage \u00e0 tous les habitats existants !). On peut s\u2019en \u00e9tonner apr\u00e8s avoir constat\u00e9 que les zones les plus artificialis\u00e9es sont justement les zones denses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sur Twitter, une scientifique<\/a>, titulaire d\u2019un doctorat en chimie des mat\u00e9riaux analyse<\/a> les fonctions du sol. Elle continue une r\u00e9flexion sur l\u2019artificialisation du sol, en reprenant notamment des \u00e9l\u00e9ments du rapport de France Strat\u00e9gie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On trouvera ci-dessous deux graphiques qui reprennent l\u2019analyse de France Strat\u00e9gie. Ils font la distinction entre habitat individuel et habitat collectif. Les deux graphiques concernent l\u2019\u00e9volution pendant la p\u00e9riode 2006-2014. A noter : la cr\u00e9ation de nouveaux r\u00e9seaux routiers est directement li\u00e9e \u00e0 la construction des nouvelles zones habitables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le logement individuel repr\u00e9sente actuellement 55% du parc. La p\u00e9riode d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre voit la construction de beaucoup de logements collectifs, la maison individuelle reprenant l\u2019avantage entre 1970 et 2000. L\u2019individuel repr\u00e9sente 62 % de la construction en 2000, 50% en 2010, 41% en 2015. Sur la p\u00e9riode 2006\/2015 sont construites \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s autant de nouvelles maisons que de nouveaux appartements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La part du nouvel habitat individuel est importante dans l\u2019\u00e9volution de l\u2019artificialisation (47%) et de l\u2019imperm\u00e9abilisation (30%). A l\u2019oppos\u00e9, l\u2019habitat collectif n\u2019en repr\u00e9sente que 3%. Il est possible que cette derni\u00e8re valeur s\u2019explique en partie parce que le collectif remplace souvent de l\u2019individuel (donc il n\u2019y a pas de nouvelle artificialisation). Mais il est \u00e9vident que le collectif consomme moins de terre que l\u2019individuel. A observer la carte de la variation dans le temps de l\u2019artificialisation, l\u2019implantation de zones pavillonnaires en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie des grandes m\u00e9tropoles apparait comme un facteur tr\u00e8s important d\u2019artificialisation. C’est l’\u00e9talement urbain qu’il faut limiter drastiquement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La conclusion logique de l\u2019observation de ces graphiques : si on ne consid\u00e8re que les aspects artificialisation et imperm\u00e9abilisation, il faudrait \u00e0 l\u2019avenir ne construire que de l\u2019habitat collectif. Plus facile \u00e9videmment \u00e0 \u00e9crire ici qu\u2019\u00e0 faire, comme l\u2019a montr\u00e9 la hu\u00e9e qui a accueilli la ministre Emmanuelle Wargon quand elle a eu le malheur de le dire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On a vu dans des articles pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents quelques actions concernant les arbres pour limiter ou \u00e9viter les \u00eelots de chaleur. Une autre mani\u00e8re d\u2019aborder la question est de regarder ce qui caract\u00e9rise les sites urbains\u00a0: l\u2019artificialisation et l\u2019imperm\u00e9abilisation des sols. Le r\u00f4le de la maison individuelle y est majeur. Artificialisation…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":8205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[53,258],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses","category-environnement","entry","simple"],"yoast_head":"\nDe plus en plus de sols artificialis\u00e9s - La Gazette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2022\/12\/05\/de-plus-en-plus-de-sols-artificialises\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De plus en plus de sols artificialis\u00e9s - La Gazette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On a vu dans des articles pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents quelques actions concernant les arbres pour limiter ou \u00e9viter les \u00eelots de chaleur. 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