{"id":6085,"date":"2022-03-15T09:39:50","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T08:39:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/?p=6085"},"modified":"2022-03-14T13:44:39","modified_gmt":"2022-03-14T12:44:39","slug":"la-ville-debenezer-howard-notes-de-lecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2022\/03\/15\/la-ville-debenezer-howard-notes-de-lecture\/","title":{"rendered":"La ville d\u2019Ebenezer Howard. Notes de lecture."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Herv\u00e9 Jud\u00e9aux enseigne \u00e0 l\u2019ESPI (Ecole sup\u00e9rieure des professions immobili\u00e8res). J\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 de lui un article fort instructif[1]<\/a> dont le titre \u00e0 lui seul parle \u00e0 l\u2019oreille du commun des marcheurs\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Concevoir la ville du XXI si\u00e8cle \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du pi\u00e9ton\u00a0\u00bb. Il y \u00e9crit plein de choses int\u00e9ressantes, \u00e0 commencer par un panorama historique sur la pens\u00e9e de la ville. Rappelons nous, elle s’est construite sur une \u00e9chelle compatible avec la marche \u00e0 pied, puisqu’il semble av\u00e9r\u00e9 que les autobus et le m\u00e9tro ne remontent pas \u00e0 Louis XIV. Et de ce point de vue, une figure se d\u00e9gage, celle d\u2019Ebenezer Howard dont on veut ici dire deux mots et honorer la m\u00e9moire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ebenezer Howard a pour lui d\u2019avoir un pr\u00e9nom qui chante comme les premiers temps bibliques. En le pronon\u00e7ant, on se sent comme transport\u00e9 aux portes de J\u00e9rusalem ou de J\u00e9richo au milieu d\u2019\u00e9choppes antiques, d\u2019\u00e2nes charg\u00e9s de paniers et de chuchotements hostiles \u00e0 l’empire romain. Mais il a plus. Il est n\u00e9 en 1850 \u00e0 Londres, a connu la ville et la campagne, fut profond\u00e9ment impr\u00e9gn\u00e9 d\u2019une pens\u00e9e sociale \u00e9mu par l\u2019insalubrit\u00e9 des quartiers populaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Ebenezer Howard propose [\u2026] un projet de ville rationnelle et hygi\u00e9niste situ\u00e9e \u00e0 la campagne, offrant un \u00e9quilibre entre emplois, habitations, agriculture et industrie pour lutter contre le d\u00e9veloppement incontr\u00f4l\u00e9 des villes. Ainsi na\u00eet le mod\u00e8le d\u2019un ensemble de villes multifonctionnelles, articul\u00e9es entre elles, dans le but de contrecarrer [\u2026] l\u2019\u00e9talement urbain <\/em>\u00bb[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De ces id\u00e9es na\u00eetront en France, des cit\u00e9s-jardins en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie des m\u00e9tropoles, les centres-villes \u00e9tant d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u2019un co\u00fbt excluant les milieux populaires. Toujours est-il que dans l\u2019esprit d\u2019Ebenezer Howard, il s\u2019agissait de b\u00e2tir 8 \u00e0 10 villes satellites autour de Londres, avec la pr\u00e9servation d\u2019une ceinture rurale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans Villes-jardins de demain, <\/em>publi\u00e9 en 1907, Ebenezer Howard s\u2019explique sur ses intentions. Elles sont illustr\u00e9es de sch\u00e9mas qui permettent de les suivre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u2019on me laisse placer ici un diagramme tr\u00e8s grossier repr\u00e9sentant, comme je le con\u00e7ois, le vrai principe sur lequel toutes les villes devraient cro\u00eetre. La Ville-Jardin s\u2019est, supposerons-nous, accrue jusqu\u2019\u00e0 atteindre une population de 32 000 \u00e2mes. De quelle mani\u00e8re doit-elle cro\u00eetre ? Comment pourvoira-t-elle aux besoins d\u2019autres habitants qui seront attir\u00e9s par ses nombreux avantages ? Empi\u00e8tera-t-elle sur la zone des terrains agricoles qui l\u2019entourent et d\u00e9truira-t-elle ainsi \u00e0 jamais son droit d\u2019\u00eatre appel\u00e9e \u201cVille-Jardin\u201d ? S\u00fbrement non ! On aboutirait \u00e0 ce r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9sastreux si le terrain entourant la ville \u00e9tait, comme le terrain autour de nos villes actuelles, propri\u00e9t\u00e9 individuelle d\u2019hommes soucieux d\u2019en tirer profit. Car alors, d\u00e8s l\u2019instant o\u00f9 la ville serait b\u00e2tie, le terrain agricole se trouverait \u201cm\u00fbr\u201d pour la b\u00e2tisse et c\u2019en serait bient\u00f4t fait de la beaut\u00e9 et de la valeur sanitaire de la ville. Mais heureusement le terrain qui entoure la ville n\u2019est pas dans les mains d\u2019hommes priv\u00e9s : il est dans les mains du peuple et sera administr\u00e9, non pas dans l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat suppos\u00e9 d\u2019une minorit\u00e9, mais dans l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de toute la communaut\u00e9. Il y a actuellement peu d\u2019objets que le peuple garde aussi jalousement que ses parcs et ses espaces ouverts ; et- nous pouvons, je crois, avoir confiance dans la population de la Ville-Jardin : elle no permettra \u00e0 aucun moment que la beaut\u00e9 de sa ville soit d\u00e9truite par la croissance de celle-ci. Mais, insistera-t-on peut-\u00eatre, si cela est vrai, les habitants de la Ville-Jardin ne pourront-ils pas, en agissant ainsi, \u00eatre tax\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9go\u00efsme, emp\u00eachant la croissance de leur ville et privant ainsi beaucoup d\u2019autres hommes de la jouissance de ses avantages ? Aucunement. Une brillante alternative existe quoique toujours oubli\u00e9e jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent. La ville cro\u00eetra ; mais elle cro\u00eetra conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 un principe dont le r\u00e9sultat sera que cette croissance n\u2019amoindrira ni ne d\u00e9truira, mais augmentera toujours ses avantages sociaux, sa beaut\u00e9, sa commodit\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>Villes-jardins de demain, pp.128-129<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

On distingue dans la vision une part d\u2019utopie, mais dans son principe elle reste d\u2019une \u00e9tonnante modernit\u00e9. Le diagramme laisse r\u00eaveur. N\u2019a-t-on pas une distribution de la population par ce qu\u2019on appellerait aujourd\u2019hui quartiers, entour\u00e9s de \u00ab campagnes \u00bb, reli\u00e9s par des transports en commun \u00e0 un centre-ville, le tout \u00e9tant reli\u00e9 \u00e0 des structures semblables et distantes. Cette vue, dont l\u2019esprit perdure dans les cit\u00e9s-jardins de la m\u00e9tropole parisienne, semble remonter de temps imm\u00e9moriaux. C\u2019est que les th\u00e9ories de la ville qui se sont form\u00e9es pendant le XXe si\u00e8cle n\u2019ont pas donn\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats particuli\u00e8rement probants. Pour ne pas dire pire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suivons \u00e0 nouveau Herv\u00e9 Jud\u00e9aux. \u00ab Camillo Sitte, ainsi que les concepts et les r\u00e9alisations qui ont conduit \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation des cit\u00e9s-jardins, vont \u00eatre mis \u00e0 mal par les id\u00e9es des mouvements modernistes, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du XX\u1d49 si\u00e8cle, sous l\u2019\u00e9gide de l\u2019architecte et urbaniste Tony Garnier. Ce dernier d\u00e9veloppe le projet d\u2019une ville moderne \u00ab id\u00e9ale \u00bb, d\u2019une cit\u00e9 industrielle bas\u00e9e sur la s\u00e9paration des quatre grandes fonctions urbaines : travail, habitat, sant\u00e9, loisirs.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tony Garnier est suivi par les mouvements progressistes et, d\u00e8s 1920, l\u2019ouvrage de Camillo Sitte est vilipend\u00e9 par les membres des congr\u00e8s internationaux d\u2019architecture moderne (CIAM), notamment par Le Corbusier. Il le qualifie de \u00ab champion du \u201cchemin des \u00e2nes\u201d, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la ligne courbe que notre modernit\u00e9, vou\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019orthogonisme, condamnait \u00e0 l\u2019obsolescence. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout s\u2019explique. Voil\u00e0 pourquoi nous avons eu la chance, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la profondeur de vue du Corbusier et de ses \u00e9mules, \u00e0 leur g\u00e9nie orthogonal, \u00e0 leur disruption progressiste, de voir prolif\u00e9rer des ZAC et des ZUP, des hypers, des alignements immeubles, des concentrations de bureaux, et dispara\u00eetre des villes nouvelles, ces horribles m\u00e9moires r\u00e9actionnaires, les petits centres, les petits immeubles, les commerces d’\u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9, les ruelles et les m\u00e9chants sentiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> L\u2019article est extrait des Actes d\u2019un colloque \u00ab Immobilier durable : de la ville d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 la cit\u00e9 de demain \u00bb qui s\u2019est tenu \u00e0 Paris en juin 2019, sous la direction d\u2019Isabelle Maleyre, Cathy Veil, Carmen Cantuarias-Villessuzanne et Anne-Catherine Chardon
[2]<\/a> Op.cit. p. 151<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herv\u00e9 Jud\u00e9aux enseigne \u00e0 l\u2019ESPI (Ecole sup\u00e9rieure des professions immobili\u00e8res). J\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 de lui un article fort instructif[1] dont le titre \u00e0 lui seul parle \u00e0 l\u2019oreille du commun des marcheurs\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Concevoir la ville du XXI si\u00e8cle \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du pi\u00e9ton\u00a0\u00bb. Il y \u00e9crit plein de choses int\u00e9ressantes, \u00e0 commencer…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":6089,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122,242],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire-de-sceaux","category-litterature","entry","simple"],"yoast_head":"\nLa ville d\u2019Ebenezer Howard. 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