{"id":42600,"date":"2025-01-15T13:29:26","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T12:29:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/?p=42600"},"modified":"2025-01-15T13:37:53","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T12:37:53","slug":"emissions-de-ges-et-empreinte-carbone","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2025\/01\/15\/emissions-de-ges-et-empreinte-carbone\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9missions de GES et empreinte carbone"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A propos d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) de la France, on lit et entend tout et son contraire. Par exemple que les \u00e9missions fran\u00e7aises diminuent seulement parce que l\u2019industrie a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9localis\u00e9e. La r\u00e9cente note de l\u2019Insee sur le sujet est donc de salubrit\u00e9 publique. Elle permet de bien comprendre comment sont articul\u00e9es \u00e9missions de GES de la France et empreinte carbone, deux indicateurs indispensables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des distinctions indispensables<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et empreinte carbone de la France en 2023<\/em>, c\u2019est le titre d\u2019une note produite conjointement par l\u2019Insee et le SDES, le service statistique du minist\u00e8re du Logement. Elle reprend la distinction habituelle entre \u00e9missions fran\u00e7aises de GES et empreinte carbone. Cette derni\u00e8re reprend les \u00e9missions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la consommation des Fran\u00e7ais. R\u00e9alis\u00e9e par des experts des statistiques, la note \u00e9vite une erreur classique dans le calcul de l\u2019empreinte carbone. Cette erreur consiste \u00e0 ajouter aux \u00e9missions de la France celles li\u00e9es aux importations sans enlever celles li\u00e9es aux exportations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour pouvoir mesurer les \u00e9missions li\u00e9es aux exportations, la note fait une premi\u00e8re distinction : au sein des \u00e9missions de la France, entre les \u00e9missions directes des m\u00e9nages et les \u00e9missions de la production int\u00e9rieure totale. Les premi\u00e8res devront \u00eatre enti\u00e8rement affect\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019empreinte carbone de la France, les secondes seront r\u00e9parties entre consommation int\u00e9rieure et exportations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La note fait une autre distinction que seuls de fins connaisseurs des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019import\/exports pouvaient faire : entre les importations consomm\u00e9es en France et celles qui sont r\u00e9export\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le tableau suivant en r\u00e9sume les principaux r\u00e9sultats (\u00c9volution 2022 \u00e0 2023)\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Comme on peut le voir sur le tableau, les \u00e9missions import\u00e9es repr\u00e9sentent plus de la moiti\u00e9 de l\u2019empreinte carbone (56% exactement). On observe \u00e9galement que, en 2023, les \u00e9missions de la France ont baiss\u00e9 de 5,6% et que l\u2019empreinte carbone a baiss\u00e9 de 4,1%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La baisse des \u00e9missions import\u00e9es vient surtout d\u2019une baisse de certaines importations (produits min\u00e9raux (dont ciment), produits d\u2019habillement, hydrocarbures et d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 avec la meilleure disponibilit\u00e9 du parc nucl\u00e9aire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00e9missions directes des m\u00e9nages, 101 Mt CO2 \u00e9q, diminuent de 3,6 % (-3,8 Mt) : -6,6 %, soit -2,3 Mt pour les logements, \u20112,3 %, soit -1,5 Mt pour les v\u00e9hicules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A noter que cette baisse des \u00e9missions et de l\u2019empreinte carbone a lieu malgr\u00e9 la croissance du PIB : on \u00e9met de moins en moins par euro produit ou consomm\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9volution de 1990 \u00e0 2023<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La note pr\u00e9cise la baisse de l\u2019empreinte carbone entre 2019 et 2023 (pour \u00e9carter les fluctuations li\u00e9es \u00e0 la crise Covid) : de 10,3 t\/hab \u00e0 9,4 t en 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On trouvera plus bas un graphique de l\u2019\u00e9volution de l\u2019empreinte carbone de la France sur une dur\u00e9e nettement plus longue : entre 1990 et 2023. Le graphique distingue les \u00e9missions dues aux m\u00e9nages, les \u00e9missions int\u00e9rieures et les \u00e9missions import\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Le premier constat est que les \u00e9missions totales (= empreinte carbone) augmentent de 19% entre 1990 et 2008, passant de 743 \u00e0 876 Mt CO\u00b2eq, et qu\u2019elles baissent ensuite jusqu\u2019\u00e0 666 Mt CO\u00b2eq en 2023, soit 10% en dessous du niveau initial. La courbe subit des fluctuations dues essentiellement \u00e0 des hivers plus ou moins rudes (exception faite de la crise COVID). On peut noter que pr\u00e8s des trois quarts du programme nucl\u00e9aire \u00e9taient en service en 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deuxi\u00e8me constat : entre 1990 et 2023, les \u00e9missions li\u00e9es aux m\u00e9nages ont baiss\u00e9 de 20 %, celles des \u00e9missions int\u00e9rieures de 39%, celles des \u00e9missions import\u00e9es ont augment\u00e9 de 13%. Ces valeurs diff\u00e9rentes s\u2019expliquent notamment par la d\u00e9localisation d\u2019industries gourmandes en \u00e9nergie fossile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Troisi\u00e8me constat : les trois sortes d\u2019\u00e9missions suivent la m\u00eame courbe en cloche. Pour les \u00e9missions import\u00e9es, le maximum est observ\u00e9 en 2008 ( \u00e0 474 Mt). La baisse depuis (-112Mt) est de 24%. Contrairement \u00e0 ce qui s\u2019est pass\u00e9 de 2022 \u00e0 2023, elle s\u2019explique majoritairement par une d\u00e9carbonation progressive des productions de nos voisins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9volution future<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00e9missions des m\u00e9nages peuvent diminuer par augmentation de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique (isolation et consommation plus faible au kilom\u00e8tre) et par l\u2019\u00e9lectrification des moyens. Cela se traduira par une baisse progressive et relativement lente (voir cet article https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/27\/isoler-et-decarboner-les-batiments\/<\/a> )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00e9missions int\u00e9rieures pourraient diminuer plus vite si on en croit les investissements pr\u00e9vus par les plus gros consommateurs : https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/23\/decarboner-plus-vite-les-perspectives-dans-lindustrie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il y a deux leviers pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions import\u00e9es. D\u2019abord relocaliser une partie de la production, en particulier celle qui consomme beaucoup d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 (la production \u00e9lectrique fran\u00e7aise est une des moins carbon\u00e9es du monde :  https:\/\/app.electricitymaps.com\/map<\/a> ). Cela suppose une politique \u00e9conomique d\u2019offre plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une politique de demande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La France n\u2019a gu\u00e8re de poids pour actionner le deuxi\u00e8me levier, celui de la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions des produits import\u00e9s. \u00ab L\u2019empreinte carbone de la France peut \u00eatre ventil\u00e9e selon l\u2019origine g\u00e9ographique des \u00e9missions : 45 % des GES sont \u00e9mis en France, 13 % proviennent de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne hors France, 9 % de Chine, 6 % de Russie et 2 % des \u00c9tats-Unis. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et localement ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Faute d\u2019agriculture et d\u2019industrie dans nos villes, les principales \u00e9missions locales sont li\u00e9es au logement. Voir sur le sujet les articles de la Gazette<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9missions locales de Gaz \u00e0 Effet de Serre 1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9missions locales de Gaz \u00e0 Effet de Serre 2<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A propos d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) de la France, on lit et entend tout et son contraire. Par exemple que les \u00e9missions fran\u00e7aises diminuent seulement parce que l\u2019industrie a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9localis\u00e9e. La r\u00e9cente note de l\u2019Insee sur le sujet est donc de salubrit\u00e9 publique. Elle permet…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":6680,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[53,258],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses","category-environnement","entry","simple"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c9missions de GES et empreinte carbone - La Gazette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2025\/01\/15\/emissions-de-ges-et-empreinte-carbone\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c9missions de GES et empreinte carbone - La Gazette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A propos d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) de la France, on lit et entend tout et son contraire. 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