{"id":11857,"date":"2023-06-15T08:46:40","date_gmt":"2023-06-15T06:46:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/?p=11857"},"modified":"2023-06-15T08:46:41","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T06:46:41","slug":"sinformer-a-quoi-bon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2023\/06\/15\/sinformer-a-quoi-bon\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u2019informer, \u00e0 quoi bon ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Samedi 11 juin, Bruno Patino<\/a>, pr\u00e9sident d\u2019ARTE et Sc\u00e9en, pr\u00e9sentait \u00e0 la mairie de Sceaux la th\u00e8se d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans son livre paru en d\u00e9but d\u2019ann\u00e9e. Une pr\u00e9sentation brillante qui a s\u00e9duit un public nombreux et invite \u00e0 la discussion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conf\u00e9rencier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Journaliste, Bruno Patino cumule les dipl\u00f4mes de Sciences-Po, de l\u2019Essec, de l\u2019Insead et un doctorat. Il prend tr\u00e8s vite des responsabilit\u00e9s de direction, en particulier dans le groupe Le Monde<\/em>, puis dans le groupe France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions. Il a publi\u00e9 plusieurs livres, dont La civilisation du poisson rouge : petit trait\u00e9 sur le march\u00e9 de l’attention<\/em> en 2019. En 2023, il publie S’informer, \u00e0 quoi bon ?<\/em> qui est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 ainsi chez son \u00e9diteur<\/a> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Dans un court texte brillant et fourmillant d\u2019exemples, Bruno Patino revient sur les raisons de cette fatigue informationnelle, mais insiste sur notre devoir collectif de bien s\u2019informer. En retra\u00e7ant l\u2019histoire de l\u2019information, il nous convainc que celle-ci est une arme, un contrepouvoir important et d\u00e9cisif dans notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ! \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un peu d\u2019histoire de l\u2019information<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En pr\u00e9ambule, le conf\u00e9rencier montre comment l\u2019information s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pendant l\u2019\u00e8re industrielle. D\u2019abord avec les progr\u00e8s techniques. Au XIXe, les rotatives permettent de multiplier les exemplaires et les chemins de fer d\u2019\u00e9tendre la distribution. Le XXe si\u00e8cle voit successivement le d\u00e9veloppement de la radio, de la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision puis d\u2019Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e8s vite, on th\u00e9orise la place que l\u2019information tient dans le syst\u00e8me d\u00e9mocratique. L\u2019information permet notamment la formation d\u2019une opinion collective<\/a>, qui s\u2019exprimera \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du vote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On th\u00e9orise aussi les conditions \u00e0 remplir pour cette information : elle doit \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e, ind\u00e9pendante et responsable. Dans le sens o\u00f9 celui qui l\u2019\u00e9met en est responsable, y compris devant les tribunaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le contexte dans lequel est \u00e9mise l\u2019information est tr\u00e8s important. On ne s\u2019exprime pas de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re dans la famille ou \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9, dans un journal ou \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision. Et ce contexte constitue un rep\u00e8re connu de chacun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout change avec les r\u00e9seaux sociaux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bruno Patino observe aujourd\u2019hui un d\u00e9clin de la force de l\u2019information qui se conjugue avec une fatigue et un d\u00e9sint\u00e9r\u00eat face \u00e0 une information abondante. Il date le d\u00e9but de ce d\u00e9clin de 2006 qui voit le d\u00e9veloppement des t\u00e9l\u00e9phones portables et des r\u00e9seaux sociaux (RS). Des r\u00e9seaux dont le mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique repose sur une publicit\u00e9 cibl\u00e9e. Plus de la moiti\u00e9 des citoyens, 80 % des jeunes s\u2019y informent au moins deux fois par jour. Or ces r\u00e9seaux changent l\u2019information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019abord parce qu\u2019il n\u2019y a plus de rep\u00e8res li\u00e9s au contexte : ceux-ci sont tous m\u00e9lang\u00e9s au point qu\u2019un message humoristique peut \u00eatre pris au premier degr\u00e9 par exemple. \u00ab La loi de Poe, du nom de Nathan Poe qui l’a formalis\u00e9e, suppose que, sur Internet, sans indication claire de l’intention de l’auteur, il est impossible de distinguer les propos s\u00e9rieux des propos au second degr\u00e9. \u00bb<\/em> (Wikip\u00e9dia<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ensuite, on est pass\u00e9 d\u2019un mod\u00e8le lin\u00e9aire avec une information produite et distribu\u00e9e \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le circulaire dans lequel le public participe \u00e0 la circulation de l\u2019information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si au moins 90% des messages \u00e9mis sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux ob\u00e9issent \u00e0 des logiques de sociabilit\u00e9, ce sont les autres, les plus outranciers qui sont mis en avant par les algorithmes. Ils augmentent la fr\u00e9quence des lectures, donc les revenus publicitaires. Ainsi le processus d\u2019amplification favorise syst\u00e9matiquement les messages qui attirent le plus l\u2019attention. Ceux qui provoquent la col\u00e8re et l\u2019indignation ou le rire, en bref qui s\u2019adressent aux \u00e9motions. Et parmi ceux-ci, les messages de d\u00e9sinformation figurent en bonne place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9sultat est, depuis 4 ou 5 ans, une chute de la confiance dans les institutions et devant toute information quelle qu\u2019elle soit. La confrontation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des opinions dans l\u2019espace public ne se fait plus face \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Le processus est d\u00e9j\u00e0 largement entam\u00e9 : on en est d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 remettre en cause tout savoir scientifique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discernement et complexit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le conf\u00e9rencier s\u2019appuie sur un film ancien (1952) et une s\u00e9rie t\u00e9l\u00e9 r\u00e9cente pour illustrer ses conclusions avec deux extraits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le film s\u2019appelle en fran\u00e7ais Bas les masques<\/em> <\/a>et souligne l\u2019utilit\u00e9 d\u2019une presse libre. Au moment de mettre sous presse un article qui apporte la preuve de la culpabilit\u00e9 du \u00ab parrain \u00bb de la ville, le h\u00e9ros re\u00e7oit un appel de celui-ci qui le menace mort pour emp\u00eacher la parution. Il r\u00e9pond seulement en lui faisant entendre le bruit de la rotative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La s\u00e9rie s\u2019appelle En th\u00e9rapie<\/a><\/em> et a \u00e9t\u00e9 diffus\u00e9e sur ARTE. Bruno Patino a choisi un \u00e9pisode concernant un adolescent qui craint d\u2019attraper le Covid et ne sait plus quelle information croire. Le th\u00e9rapeute se garde de lui dire ce qu\u2019il doit croire, mais l\u2019invite \u00e0 faire preuve de discernement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est ce que recommande en conclusion le conf\u00e9rencier : faire preuve de discernement. Il estime que cela s\u2019\u00e9duque et demande de \u00ab rendre la complexit\u00e9 accessible<\/em> \u00bb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9ponses aux questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une question sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux permet de revenir sur l\u2019id\u00e9e que ceux-ci sont un miroir d\u00e9formant de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 propos de l\u2019intelligence artificielle, il note d\u2019abord que la technique n\u2019est sans doute pas la solution aux probl\u00e8mes expos\u00e9s. Au contraire, il y aura encore plus besoin de discernement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un membre de l\u2019assistance observe qu\u2019on est pass\u00e9 d\u2019une conception verticale de l\u2019information \u00e0 quelque chose de beaucoup plus horizontal : c\u2019est une reprise de pouvoir par le citoyen. Bruno Patino r\u00e9pond en notant qu\u2019il a longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 un partisan de cette \u00e9volution. Wikip\u00e9dia en est la premi\u00e8re incarnation. Mais il observe aujourd\u2019hui que ce fonctionnement horizontal n\u2019est absolument pas \u00e9galitaire. Tous les citoyens n\u2019ont pas le m\u00eame impact, en particulier vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019outrance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il \u00e9voque Thomas Jefferson<\/a> (\u00ab L’homme qui ne craint pas la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 n’a rien \u00e0 craindre du mensonge \u00bb), les id\u00e9es de \u00ab sagesse des foules \u00bb et \u00ab d\u2019intelligence collective \u00bb. Puis conclut que le mod\u00e8le circulaire de l\u2019information se r\u00e9v\u00e8le aujourd\u2019hui dysfonctionnel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Comme toute pr\u00e9sentation de qualit\u00e9, la conf\u00e9rence de Bruno Patino donne envie de r\u00e9agir aux propos, de les compl\u00e9ter ou les commenter. Par exemple, les r\u00e9seaux sociaux ne sont pas que le temple de la d\u00e9sinformation et de l\u2019outrance. La Gazette y reviendra prochainement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour l\u2019instant quelques mots et une image pour aller dans le sens du conf\u00e9rencier. Avec l\u2019affaire Jacqueline Sauvage<\/a> ou comment deux avocates r\u00e9ussirent \u00e0 convaincre des millions de Fran\u00e7ais en faisant appel \u00e0 leurs \u00e9motions, apr\u00e8s deux \u00e9checs devant des jurys d\u2019assises. Ces jurys populaires avaient pris une semaine pour examiner attentivement les faits et \u00e0 \u00e9couter tous les points de vue et t\u00e9moignages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une histoire qu\u2019illustre parfaitement ce sch\u00e9ma de ma\u00eetre Eolas :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Samedi 11 juin, Bruno Patino, pr\u00e9sident d\u2019ARTE et Sc\u00e9en, pr\u00e9sentait \u00e0 la mairie de Sceaux la th\u00e8se d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans son livre paru en d\u00e9but d\u2019ann\u00e9e. Une pr\u00e9sentation brillante qui a s\u00e9duit un public nombreux et invite \u00e0 la discussion.  Le conf\u00e9rencier Journaliste, Bruno Patino cumule les dipl\u00f4mes de Sciences-Po, de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":11903,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manifestations-locales","entry","simple"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u2019informer, \u00e0 quoi bon ? - La Gazette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sceaux-lagazette.fr\/index.php\/2023\/06\/15\/sinformer-a-quoi-bon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"S\u2019informer, \u00e0 quoi bon ? - La Gazette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Samedi 11 juin, Bruno Patino, pr\u00e9sident d\u2019ARTE et Sc\u00e9en, pr\u00e9sentait \u00e0 la mairie de Sceaux la th\u00e8se d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans son livre paru en d\u00e9but d\u2019ann\u00e9e. 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